Loss leaders are one of the most neglected elements of strategic planning. Even so, some of the most successful product and service models are based on the idea of loss leading.
What is a loss leader? A loss leader is product or service that a company develops that the company will not make any money on or will even lose money on, but as a result of that intentional loss a future gain will occur that will not only cover the loss of the loss leader, but also beat out competitors.
Some examples of loss leaders:
Apple iTunes
iTunes software: an entirely free software that lets you manage all of your music perfectly, whether you buy music from the iTunes store or not
iTunes Store: iTunes is, hands down, dominating the market of music downloads
Explanation: Apple has spent a lot of money to insure that iTunes software is updated regularly, that new valuable features are added and Apple lets anyone download it for free. Apple sells millions of music downloads because iTunes is valuable and everyone has it, because it's free.
Mobile Phones
Mobile phones: get a free mobile phone
Wireless service providers: directly tied to the free phone, service providers charge fees over time
Explanation: consumers save by reducing up front costs, but that initial cost is made up by wireless service providers with fees over time.
Sony Playstation 3
The Playstation 3 was released with a ticket price of $599, much more than other products in the same category. Even so, production costs on the PS3 exceeded $599. Sony took they're loss leader even further with a reduced ticket price of $399, which made it more competitive with the Xbox 360.
Explanation: the console gaming market is fiercely competitive with virtually every gaming console maker using a loss leader in hopes to dominate the lucrative market. Not the most successful loss leader, as much of the production costs for the PS3 are related to using Blue Ray technology, which has not yet shown signs of any serious traction and the Xbox 360 is outselling the PS3 by a healthy margin.
Generally, loss leaders are used in one of two situations. Here, a product or service is either new and tied to another product or service that will make up for the leading loss (iTunes opened up a new market) or the product or service is attempting to take a larger (or the largest) bite out of a particular market (PS3, Xbox, Nintendo).
Loss leaders and chess have something in common: if you think ahead, a sacrifice now can result in a substantial gain in the future. Don't be afraid to explore and consider the possibility of your own loss leader.
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